“Structural and Semantic Properties of Phraseological Units”

, ?. ?. Structural and semantic properties of phraseological social units IV -48 . ?. ?. 2011 Plan Introduction 1. Problems with the definition of phraseological units. The aggroups of phraseological units according their essence 2. Ways of forming of phraseological units 3.Semantic construction of phraseological units Conclusions References Introduction Phraseological units, or idioms, as they be c on the wholeed by most western scholars, re deport what earth-closet probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the languages vocabulary. If synonyms discharge be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which argon quiet vivid and am employ sketches of the nations customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales.Quotations from great poets be preserve here alongside the du bious pearls of philistine wisdom and crude slang witticisms, for phraseology is non to a greater extentover the most colourful just now probably the most democratic bea of vocabulary and draws its resources mostly from the genuinely(prenominal) depths of popular speech. Our abstract is devoted to the problem of defining the phraseological units and to their structural and semantic features. We try to analyze the whole works of different scholars, which researched these questions and to systematize their conclusions. Problems with the definition of phraseological units.The groups of phraseological units according their meaning In modern linguistics, thither is considerable murkiness near the terminology associated with these word-groups. Most Russian and Ukrainian scholars use the term phraseological unit, which was first introduced by Academician V. V. Vinogradov whose contribution to the theory of Russian phraseology cannot be overestimated. The term idiom, widely utilis e by western scholars, has comparatively recently found its way into Russian and Ukrainian phraseology but is applied mostly to only a certain type of phraseological unit as it will be clear from further explanations.There be some(prenominal) other terms denoting more or less the comparable linguistic phenomenon set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collo guy ropeions. The confusion in the terminology reflects insufficiency of positive or wholly current criteria by which phraseological units can be distinguished from free word-groups. It should be detailed out at once that the license of free word-groups is relative and arbitrary. Nothing is entirely free in speech as its linear relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the ace hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.One can turn to of a black-eyed girl but not of a black-eyed table (unless in a piece of music of modernistic poetry where some(prenominal)thing is possible). Also, to say the nestling was glad is quite correct, but a glad child is wrong because in Modern English glad is attributively use only with a very limited number of nouns (e. g. glad news), and names of persons are not among them. Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each(prenominal) condemn built up anew in the speech process where as idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.So we can give the definition of each type of unit wedded above to use them correctly. First of all, set-phrases imply that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical comp mavennts and well-formed structure of word-groups. The term word-equivalent stresses not only semantic but overly functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their appositeness to function in speech as single words. A collocation is two or more words that often go to gether. These combinations just sound right to native English speakers, who use them all the time.On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound wrong. Look at these examples the fast train the quick train fast food quick food The term idioms primary(prenominal)ly implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of demand. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmores words, reads as follows an idiomatic cheek or construction is something a language user could fail to know while knowing everything else in the language. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that wreak them anomalies in the traditiona l language unit prototype ? non-compositionality ? ansformational defectiveness ? ungrammaticality ? frequency asymmetry.Generally speaking, the term idiom, both in our country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with all transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not correspond to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into (classification given by Ryzhkova) ? Idioms ? Semi-idioms ? Phraseomatic units. Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be wholly or partially transferred red tape.Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings terminological and transferred chain reaction, to lay down the arms. Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal the begging of the end pins and needles. As we can see there is no one specific definition for such phenomenon as phraseologi cal units. Different scholars make their own suggestions, which are worth to be considered. Weve outlined the main of them which are necessary to know dealing with this problem in the process of studying of the English language.Ways of forming of phraseological units As we deal with the structure of phraseological units its necessary to pay upkeep to the classification given by A. V. Koonin. He distinguishes the groups of phraseological units according to the way they are organise. Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is organize on the basis of a free word-group a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by centre of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e. . in cosmic proficiency we can point out the following phrases launching pad in its terminological meaning is , in its transferred meaning , to link up ? in its trans make meaning it means . b) A large group of phraseological units was formed from free word-groups by transforming their meaning, e. g. granny farm , Trojan horse . ) Phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration, e. g. a sad sack , culture vulture , , fudge and nudge . d) They can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e. g. My aunt , Hear, hear etc e) They can be formed by means of distorting a word group, e. g. odds and ends was formed from odd ends. f) They can be formed by using archaisms, e. g. in brown study means in gloomy venture where both components preserve their archaic meanings, g) They can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e. g. that cock wont fight can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically h) They can be formed when we use some unreal image, e. g. to hand over butterflies in the stomach , to have green fingers etc. ) i) They can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, e. g. corridors of power (Snow), American dream (Alby) locust years (Churchil), the winds of change (M? Millan). vicarious ways of forming phraseological units are those when a phraseological unit is formed on the basis of another phraseological unit they are a) Conversion, e. g. to vote with ones feet was converted into vote with ones feet. b) Changing the grammar form, e. g. Make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase to make hay while the sun shines. ) Analogy, e. g. oddness killed the cat was transferred into Care killed the cat. d) Contrast, e. g. cold surgery a planned before operation was formed by contrasting it with acute surgery thin cat a poor person was formed by contrasting it with fat cat. e) Shortening of proverbs or sayings e. g. from the proverb You cant make a silk purse out of a sows ear by means of cartridge clip the mi ddle of it the phraseological unit to make a sows ear. f) Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans, e. . living space (German), to shit the bull by the horns (Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings meche blanche (French), corpse delite (French), sotto voce (Italian) etc. Phonetic borrowings among phraseological units refer to the bookish style and are not used very often. A. V. Koonin distinguishes such types of the phraseological units according the principles given above 1) Nominative a with child(p) nut to crack. They are subdivided into ? Substantive crocodile tears ? Adjective as mad as a hatter as cool as a cucumber ?Adverbial by & by to & fro ? communicative to live the likes of a lord. 2) Nominative-communicative the ice is broken 3) Interjectional & modal emotions, feelings Oh, my eye (= Oh, my God ) as sure as eggs is eggs (, 2?2) 4) Communicative proverbs, sayings There is no bum without fire. This classification is call ed structural-semantic one and the phraseological units are grouped depending on the components they are formed by and on the meaning these units express. Semantic structure of phraseological unitsThe semantic structure of phraseological units by professor V. N. Teliya is formed by semantic ultimate constituents called macrocomponents of meaning. There are the following principal macrocomponents in the semantic structure of phraseological units 1. Denotational (descriptive) macrocomponent contains the information about the objective reality, it is the procedure connected with categorization, i. e. the classification of phenomena of the reality, based on the typical idea about what is denoted by a phraseological unit (about denotatum). 2.Evaluational macrocomponent contains the information about the value of what is denoted by a phraseological unit, i. e. what value the speaker sees in this or that object / phenomenon of reality the denotatum. The rational evaluation may be a) posit ive a syndicate from home a place or situation where one feels completely happy and at ataraxis b) negative the lions den a place of great danger c) apathetic in the flesh in bodily form. 3. Motivational macrocomponent correlates with the notion of the inner form of phraseological unit.The notion motivation of a phraseological unit can be delineate as the aptness of the literal reading of a unit to be associated with the denotational and evaluational tantrums of meaning. For example, the literal reading of the phraseological unit to have broad shoulders is physical strength of a person. The idea is indicative of a persons strength becomes the base for transference and forms the meaning of existence able to bear the full weight of ones responsibilities. . Emotive macrocomponent is the contents of subjective musical mode expressing feeling-relation to what is denoted by a phraseological unit within the range of approval / disapproval, for example, a leading light in somethin g a person who is important in a particular group (spoken with approval), to lead a cat and dog life used to describe a husband and wife who quarrel furiously with each other most of the time (spoken with disapproval). . Stylistic macrocomponent points to the communicative register in which a phraseological unit is used and to the social-role relationships between the participants of communication a) formal sick at heart very sad b) informal be sick to death to be angry and bored because something unpleasant has been happening for too long c) neutral pass by on the other side to ignore a person who needs support. 6.Grammatical macrocomponent contains the information about all possible morphological and syntactic changes of a phraseological unit, for instance, to be in heavy water = to be in deep waters to take away smbs breath = to take smbs breath away Achilless heel = the heel of Achilles. 7. sexual urge macrocomponent may be convey explicitly, i. e. determined by the str ucture and / or semantics of a phraseological unit, and in that case it points out to the class of objects denoted by the phraseological unit men, women, people (both men and women).For instance, compare the phraseological units every Tom, Dick and Harry meaning every or any man and every Tom, Dick and Sheila which denotes every or any man and woman. Gender macrocomponent may be expressed implicitly and then it denotes the initial (or historical) reference of a phraseological unit, for example, to wash ones dirty linen in public discuss or argue about ones personal affairs in public. The implicit presence of the sex macrocomponent in this phraseological unit is conditioned by the idea about traditional womens work (cf. with Ukrainian ? ).The implicit gender macrocomponent is defined within the range of three modelual spheres masculine, feminine, intergender. Compare, for instance, the implicitly expressed intergender macrocomponent in to feel like royalty meaning to feel like a member of the Royal Family, to feel majestic and its counterparts, i. e. phraseological units with explicitly expressed gender macrocomponent, to feel like a queen and to feel like a king. So the semantic structure of phraseological unit is a complex formation with different referential, significant and connotative of(predicate) aspects of meaning.The denotative aspect of phraseological meaning is the word subject named by this unit 1) relation between a lexical unit and an extralanguage subject or phenomena, 2) subject denotation the significant aspect is a phraseological unit concept a reflection of certain object concept in human consciousness the connotative aspect is emotionally-expressive side and stylistic colouring of phraseological unit additional word content, its stylistic colouring that superpose upon the main word meaning and convey emotionally-expressive and estimative attitude of the speaker to the denoted object.Correlation of these aspects in different types of ph raseological units is different. One of the aspects may succeed and it causes certain influence of a phraseological unit on the communicative process. In comparative phraseological units significant and connotative aspects predominate. The communicative contribution of phraseological units of this type is fixed with the help of certain object determination, in which they carry practical(a) characteristic defined by emotionally-expressive factor of their meaning. Conclusions Phraseological units are very specific part of any language.It should be noted, however, that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted until quite recently. English and American linguists as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word-groups and sentences presenting some interest either from the point of view of origin, style, usage, or some other feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investig ate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or a specific class of word-groups. We systematized the observations of A. V. Koonin, V. N. Teliya, G.Antrushyna connected with the structural and semantic properties of the phraseological units. Using their works we defined several classifications according the ways of forming and according semantic structure. For example, the types of the phraseological units distinguished by A. V. Koonin 1) Nominative (with subgroups) 2) Nominative-communicative 3) Interjectional & modal 4) Communicative. any classifications mentioned above exist simultaneously and describes the main features of the phraseological units 1) Integrity (or transference) of meaning means that none of the idiom components is eparately associated with any referents of objective reality, and the meaning of the whole unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components 2) Stability (lexical and grammatical) means that no lexical telephone exchange is possib le in an idiom in comparison with free or variable word-combinations (with an exception of some cases when such substitutions are made by the author intentionally). The experiments conducted in the 1990s showed that the meaning of an idiom is not exactly identical to its literal paraphrase given in the dictionary entry.That is why we may speak about lexical flexibility of many units if they are used in a creative manner. lexical stability is usually accompanied by grammatical stability which prohibits any grammatical changes 3) Separability means that the structure of an idiom is not something indivisible, certain modifications are possible within certain boundaries. Here we meet with the questionable lexical and grammatical variants. To illustrate this point we shall give some examples as hungry as a wolf (as a hunter), as safe as a house (houses). 4) Expressivity and emotiveness means that idioms are also characterized by stylistic colouring.In other words, they evoke emotions or add expressiveness. On the whole phraseological units, even if they present a certain pattern, do not generate new phrases. They are unique. Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the vulnerability of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography. save the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is assuage at issue.The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities / disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure. 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