Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose EssayIt is my absolute pleasure to write this statement of single-valued function to explain about my bets and to share my inspirations, career goals and professional qualifications. I think one of my most distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of experiences I possess. Belonging from a business downplay family I always had inclination towards managerial role in the organization. I am a man with professional aptitude and an interest in pharmaceutical industry. I also entertain a passion for traveling and understanding different cultures of the world. All these elements encounter given me a very broad outlook, with change degrees of knowledge in a range of topics. I feel the greatest value in pharmacy studies is not so much the classes themselves but the incident thesis/practical work experience that you get in tandem with the coursework.Personally, I find the pharmaceutical training I will be getting to be an asset to my qualification, beca use I feel that I am getting a social and management perspective on the medicine I have studied managerial role in the health and social sector, and it does add something to the coursework. My pharmaceutical diploma has given a strong foundation to my analytical skills. everywhere the past one year, I have been working part time in pharmacy. More than what I have studied in school and college, it has been this experiences that have shaped the person that I am today. During the completion of my Diploma course I had always had great inclination towards health, social and community care.It was this inclination and interest towards this field that I always scored good marks. I consider it necessary to take Masters or Bachelors program to improve my knowledge and expertness in the pharmaceutical sector. And I have diverse interests and am very dedicated to the idea of giving something back to society I believe that an luck for higher education in MSc./BSc. in health management from your University/ College, U.K would be a unique fortuity to test and prove my ability and also to improve and broaden my keen with transition to a health and social care setting.I would like to conclude with the reasons for my choosing to apply to your esteemed university/college for my Master/Bachelor degree. look for through the information brochure and the Universitys home page I feel that the Study at your institution holds a lot of promise to me and it is the right coif to embark upon my academic career. I feel that studies in your institution will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major ill-treat towards achieving my objectives.

Article Rebuttal Essay Example for Free

Article Rebuttal EssayAbortion is a deviation that has been discuss for years. Kenny, Ph. D. and Swope (2013) of American Thinker has sh atomic number 18 with its audience the understanding of the struggle women has in making a decision to continue a motherliness or to abort an unplanned pregnancy. In analyze the information in the article the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Kenny, Ph. D. and Swope comes from independent psychological analysis of womens hidden, emotional response to pregnancy, abortion, and motherhood (Kenny, Ph. D. Swope, 2013).The writers of this article indicated that the interviews took from 75 to 110 minutes, which require them to visualize, replicate, and use relaxation techniques in accessing these individual emotional minds, and to uncover deeply pose emotional needs and barriers (Kenny, Ph. D. Swope, 2013). Significantly, some of these problems that relates to abortion are ethical, and religion. However, a woman has righ t to do whatever she want to her own body and upon her own judgment, whether it is to financial backing the baby or to harbour an abortion.In Fact, a woman has the authority to make the decision whether to have an abortion or not based on her personal desire, financial status, or unwanted pregnancy. Kenny, Ph. D. and Swope (2013) have provided information regarding the circumstances and how abortion can affect a woman mental state of mind. nearly important is to deny a fetus by terminate the fetus merely does not mean that the person is slaughter a person.It could be that the pregnancy was an unplanned pregnancy from rape, incest, or the feeling of not wanting to bring a child in the world under certain circumstances. An example would be a medical condition that may be a live or dead situation or simply because she not ready for motherhood because of her age. For instant, a teenage girl between the age of 14 and 20 still in high school and going to college and who is struggling w ith finances are liable to have an abortion.She may become remorseful, but she has to think about how pregnancy can affect her future and life. In conclusion, a woman rights to be pregnant or to abort an unwanted pregnancy should solely be left up to her no matter what her reason may be. Because she is the one that have to deal with the issues of bring a child in the world or removing the fetus to remove the stress not those groups such as the pro-lifer.

Changing Business Environment of Coca-Cola

Changing Business Environment of Coca-ColaSummaryThe objective of this research is to study and evaluate the ever-changing billet purlieu of Coca-Cola everyplace the past 5 years. To understand what business surroundings is virtuoso should have a clear idea initially round business. Business can be referred to as an stinting act performed by an organization to attain its goals regarding profit, point of intersectionion and so forth Any family would be moved(p) by the milieu surrounding it. PankajMehra (2008) defined Business Environment as The set of external calculates such as the economic factors, socio-cultural factors, goernment and legal factors, demographic factors, geophysical factors, which ar uncontrollable in nature and effects the business decisions of a firm or company. The research thus conducts a PEST compendium of Coca-Cola as well as identifies the environmental and ethical factor affecting the company. After the analysis, suggestions were given that w ould help the company to cope up with the challenges and changes that is being approach in the current business scenario.PankajMehra, Aspects of Business Environment, 2008, Omega PublicationsINTRODUCTIONDuring the recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the phone number of people who are interested in Business. This was triggered by the flourishing of Far Eastern economies and especially the progress of China. So it is quite important for students to have an idea about business environment so that they can easily understand how business decisions are made and what the impact of each decision is. Generally business environment is divide into twain- Micro environment and Macro environment. Anformer(a) way is to categorize business environment into General and Specific environments. However there exists only minimal contrariety between these categorizations. There is another approach which views an organization as open system. This is referred to as Systems Model of organization and its environment.Thus business of an organization is thus influenced by a number of external factors which include political, social, and technological and many more. Hence every organization is keenly observing these dynamic forces in order to garb themselves against contingencies. There are a number of methods that help an organization to analyze its surrounding environment. This includes SWOT, PEST, SLEPT etc. PEST analysis has been used in this study and overly the ethical and environmental factors are identified.This report looks at the Multi-national beverage company Coca-Cola, the worlds most recognized brand. Coca-Cola is a multinational company operating in nigh 200 countries or territories. It is a beverage company and is into the production and distri moreoverion of non-alcoholic sucks. The main brand of the company is the aerated drink Coca-Cola or Coke. The company at present owns more than 400 brands across seven continents. Due to this fact, the c ompany is likely to be affected by the fluctuations in the business environment, globally as well as on each country. The company hence introduces innovative strategies and takes business decisions in order to cope up with the turbulent environment.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_ phoner trick Kew, John Stredwick, (2005), Business environment managing in a strategic context, CIPD PublishingORGANIZATION DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUNDSOME FACTSFounded 1886Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, USAChairman and CEO Muhtar Kentgross USD 31.0 Billion (FY 2009)Employees 92,400 (Oct 2009)Operations 200 Countrieshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_CompanyCORPORATE VISION MISSIONVisionPeople Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be.Portfolio Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs.Partners Nurture a winning net income of nodes and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring v alue.Planet Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. sugar Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities.Productivity Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organizationMissionTo renovate the worldTo inspire moments of optimism and happinessTo create value and make a difference.http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.htmlDESCRIPTIONThe journey of Coca-Cola started when the syrup of Coca-Cola was mixed with soda. It was done in a apothecarys shop in Atlanta, USA. Even today, the company I headquartered in Atlanta. Thus the company began as a soda fountain beverage selling firm. It sold a glass of drink for five cents. The initial progress of the company was quite remarkable, but only when a solid and strong bottling system developed could it come in as one of the largest corporations as of today.Coca-Cola functions as a franchised distributio n system. Thus the company only produces the syrup and it is then sold off to thousands of bottlers around the world. As per the annual report of 2005, the company operates in more than 200 countries. The beverages which bear the trademarks or licenses of Coca-Cola account to almost 1.5 billion. It was declared that Coca-Cola became the first brand in join Kingdom to cross 1 billion in y beforehand(predicate) grocery sales in the year 2010.Coca-Cola today is the worlds most usual brand. The annual company report of 2006 stated that the second most recognized expression in the world after OK is Coca-Cola. The strength of the company lies in it branding. Coca-Colas branding system lies on three As- availability, acceptability and affordability. The company competes not only to every carbonated or soft drink available in the world but even considers water as its competitor. For it, every product that has a share in human liquid consumption is its rival.At present Coca-Cola serves al most one billion servings per day. That means every second cxxv00 bottles are being consumed. The company was able to achieve this only because they made use of the most finest and innovative technologies available. During these 125 years of existence, the company has gone done different strategic paradigm shifts that involve financial re-engineering to debts on offload bottling and from product expansion to progress through distribution.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_CompanyBrand Spotlight Coca-Colahttp//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/historybottling.htmlhttp//www.scribd.com/doc/14306067/Coca-ColaBusiness EnvironmentThe business environment of an organization is situational. That means every organization have a unique environment of its own. Due to this fact, the external factors influencing the company would in any case be different. The systems model of an organization and its environment views the organization as an open system. This model advocates that the re are two ways in which an organization communicates with its environment. It acquires inputs/ resources from the environment, transforms it into finished product/services and distributes the outputs back. These outputs are meant to meet the needs of customers (Figure 1.1).Environment Organization EnvironmentMoneyMachineryPeople engine roomMaterialsConversionGoodsServicesInformationWasteFigure 1.1 Systems ModelJohn Kew, John Stredwick, (2005), Business environment managing in a strategic context, CIPD PublishingAnalyzing the environmentIt is not a difficult task for the organization to analyze the task environment as they will have good knowledge about their customers, suppliers etc. only when analyzing the general environment is more complex. The different factors in the general environment will have to be first identified.One of the most popular tools for analysis is PEST. This method segregates the environment into four componentsPolitical/legalEconomicSocio-culturalTechnologic alPEST analysis was later modified into PESTLE analysis. This was done by splitting the political and legal factors as well as by adding a parvenue factor i.e. environment. The major(ip) reason behind this addition was the change magnitude fright over global warming and other ecological issues.By the year 2000, another method was introduced which was named STEEPLE. This method have a new factor i.e. ethics. This factor was added due to the growing awareness about corporate social responsibility and business ethics.John Kew, John Stredwick, (2005), Business environment managing in a strategic context, CIPD PublishingAnalysis of the environment of Coca-ColaSocial FactorsOver the past 5 years the numbers of people who are conscious about their health have increased exponentially. This is especially true in USA where more and more people are practicing healthier lifestyles. Researches indicate that soda and other change taste drinks are the chief calorie sources in the diet of an American. Due to this fact, doctors and nutritionists advice people to reduce the daily consumption of drinks like Coca-Cola since they can be harmful to their health. In USA, drinks like Coca-Cola and Pepsi were found to be the main reason for obesity among young children and women. Studies have as well revealed that regular intake of Coke and the like products reduce the preoccupation of minerals like Calcium, Magnesium, Ascorbic acid, Riboflavin and Vitamin A. Thus the company is facing a setback from the home country itself. In 2005, many lawyers and environmentalists supercharged a lawsuit against Coca-Cola and other soft drinks industry for excessive selling of their brands in schools.Coca-Cola also faced much resistance from the Eastern countries where there was a high consumption of tea leaf and other milk fermented drinks. So the company in 2010 introduced a new drink named Sprite Tea which was a mix of sprite and tea. Before that in 2008, it launched a tea brand named Yuang Ye and Jackie Chan was the brand ambassador of the product. This was launched in China and other eastern countries. In 2004, the company also launched a wellness drink in Japan for women.A disassociate from that there are number of social ventures into which the company is into. It is providing resources like books and scholarships to needy children. Apart from that it has introduced a program in Pakistan that is into providing canonical education to children. In 2004, the company donated 50,000 to SOS Kinderdorf, a childrens charity organization in Austria. A sum of 1 million USD was also donated for awareness against HIV/ back up in 2007.www.thecoca-colacompany.com//10/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_01ab.pdfhttp//www.virtualvender.coca-cola.com/ft/index.jspwww.thecoca-colacompany.com//eu_business_social_review2005.pdfwww.thecoca-colacompany.com//2007-2008_sustainability_review.pdfhttp//blog.7xpub.com/2010/02/heaven-earth.htmlhttp//www.docshare.com/doc/8487/An-Analysis-of-The-Coca-Cola -Companys-MarketsTechnological FactorsCoca-Cola is always a pioneer institution in bringing out innovative technologies.In 2007, it came up with a new technology that would help customers to have ice-chilled coke wherever they want. This technology will work in such a way that when the lie of the bottle is opened, the mechanism inside will make ice out of the drink inside. The company also introduced this technology in 2008 with a new product called Sprite Super Chilled.In the same year, the company announced to use coolers and vending machines free of HFC in the venues of 2008 Olympic Games to show its commitment towards environment protection. The company developed this technology together with Green Peace.In the year 2009, the company introduced another technology into their vending machines. These Freestyle machines will be having touch screens and the customer can mix up to a variety of 100 drinks at a single time. Popsci.com has named this as the Most Advanced Soda Fountain E ver.In 2009 itself the company introduced bottles which are partially made from plants and hence can be recycled completely. This bottle also has a reduced carbon emission when compared with ordinary tractile bottles.The company has also introduced innovative technologies in the entertainment field. In 2006, the company installed Dhoom 2-Juke boxes in and around Delhi (India). A limited series of Coke bottles were then brought into the securities industry whose labels contained specific codes. When these labels are swiped into the Juke boxes, the customers could see the exclusive visuals of Dhoom 2 movie.http//www.techdigest.tv/2007/09/new_technology_1.htmlhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/article/1973430/cocacola_meets_technology_touch_screen.htmlwww.greenpeace.org//en/news//coca-cola-to-champion-our-cool/http//www.greentechnolog.com/2009/09/cocacolas_new_plant_bottle.htmlhttp//www.coca-colaindia.com/media/media_news_releases_detail.aspx?id=189Economic FactorsThe company went throu gh a major economic phase in the past five years.The income tax payment has increased from 1.5 billion USD in 2006 to 1.9 billion USD in 2007. But the capital expenditures have also increased from 1.4 billion USD in 2006 to 2 billion USD in 2008. lock in the company managed to have revenue of 31.9 billion USD in 2008.The above graph shows the fluctuations in the stock prices of Coke from September 2009 to February 2010.In 2008, the world faced the global economic crunch and this naturally had an impact on the company. The main reason for this was that 75% of companys sales is derived outside of North America.But, reports revealed that the company was not much affected by the economic downturn. The first quarterly results of 2009 showed that the sales have increased by 2 percent in USA and by 3 percent around the world. This was because the company positioned it well in the international markets.The company also had a remarkable increase in business in India. In 2009, the companys b usiness increased by 31 percent in this country despite the versatile environmental protests against it. But the final quarter results of 2009 showed a decrease of 18 percent in the companys profit worldwide.In 2010, the company registered revenue of 7.53 billion US dollars in the first quarter. This shows that the company expects to have a bright year ahead.http//www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/16128/http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29161172/http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)http//equityclock.com/pictures/CocaColaEnterprisesInc.TechnicalAnalysis_3A38/image_thumb_3.pngEnvironmental FactorsThe company has been incriminate of a number of environmental issues around the world.In India, Coca-Cola has been nicknamed even as Killer Coke in certain areas. It was feared that Coke contains hazardous levels of pesticides that could cause numerous health issues. A study conducted by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi, revealed that Coke and Pepsi contains t oxins like lindane, DDT, malathion etc. These pesticides if consumed could even result in Cancer or irreparable damage to immune system. CSE also found that the Coke that is sold in India contained 30 times the permitted level of pesticide residues as per European Union regulations.1n 2005, the Kerala State government banned the production and selling of Coke but it was overturned by the state high court in the same year itself.The company was also blamed for over use of water resources and thus depleting the ground water table. The 16$ bottling plant in Kerala was shut down in 2004 due to spartan decay in both quantity and quality of water in the surrounding areas. The plant there uses almost 900,000 litres of water every year for its purposes. correspond to the renowned environmentalist Vandana Shiva, it takes almost 9 litres of water to produce one litre of Coca-Cola. In the holy city of Varanasi, India, the Coca-Cola plant near the Ganges has been accused for emitting waste wa ter which contained toxins into the river. The packaging of the bottles has also been a cause of concern to the public and alleges to have serious environment impact. The company still claims to be environmental friendly in all its ventures. The Coca-Cola environmental foundation is said to be actively participating in environment issues like waste management, recycling etc.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Coca-Colahttp//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/foundation_local.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileCocaColaIndia.gifPolitical FactorsAs far as the political factors are concerned, they affect the company in meager way. It is because the governmental activity which is the major part of political environment has a tiny impact over the company.Over the recent years the company met with a lot of protests in India and Middle East. Still it was able to outrival PepsiCo by a small percent. In the last century there have been issues in Israel regarding the construction o f a plant over there. The company was accused of boycotting Israel in order to appease the Arab League. These still had an impact over the market of Middle East.The environmental laws have some impact over Coke and other companies operating in the same industry. Over the past two years, the government of India has introduced some modifications to the existing laws that are likely to affect Coke. But the company is introducing changes in the plants as well as implementing proper wastage handling system and this would reduce the impact of these laws.Tax system in India is a little complicated because it involves a variety of regulations. The license needs to be updated every time the production capacity is increased. This can pose certain problems to the company.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_CompanyEthical factorsThe Coca-Cola Company has been involved into a number of ethical issues over the past. The major controversies include those like violation of human rights and fo llowing unethical business practices. The company has been charged of monopolistic and other discriminatory practices which affected its goodwill.In 2005, the European Union found that the companys business methods suppressed competition and hence the company had to end its traffic with bars and shops for stocking its drinks. In the same year itself, Coca-Cola Export Corporation was charged a fine of 68 million dollars for unfair commercial practices.In the early 2000s the company was also criticized for racial discrimination in its US offices and had to pay a hefty fine of 192.5 million dollars.The company is also involved in a number of cases related to environmental degradation, ground water depletion, overuse of pesticides etc. in India. This had affected the reputation of Coca-Cola in India in a major way.http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/foundation_local.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Coca-ColaConclusionTo summarize it can be said that Coca-Cola Comp any has gone through a number of challenging situations in the past five years. The major challenge was the protests from the environmentalists for exploiting the resources. The company has tackled this issue to an extend by agreeing to the demands of the protesters and the governments. But it should put in more effort to get back the reputation it had in three world countries. Innovative technologies that are eco-friendly must be introduced.The company is now into more and more green initiatives which are a very positive sign. If such efforts continue, it would undoubtedly be the most reputed and recognized brand in the world.RecommendationsIn this current dynamic world scenario, its always best if the organization is well sensible about the changes that are being taken place in its business environment. By this way the company can foresee the trends and come up with new strategies to cope up with them. It is recommended that Coca-Cola Company gives importance to some factors. Th ese includeIntroduce new programs aimed at public welfare and thus show their true concern for the society. Through this way try to be a model for other companies in following CSR activities.Follow the environmental regulations and norms properly. Make the public aware that the company has and is following strict environmental ethics.New technologies that produce superior quality products and that do not affect the environment must be invented.Understanding the little needs of customers and try to find solutions to them in a harmless way.ReferencesBibliographyPankajMehra, Aspects of Business Environment, 2008, Omega PublicationsJohn Kew, John Stredwick, (2005), Business environment managing in a strategic context, CIPD Publishing

Gandhi The Legendary Leader History Essay

Gandhi The Legendary Leader History EssayThe topic of leadership has generated excitement and interest from ancient clips. leadership has craped the at ten dollar billtion of researchers worldwide. When pile think of leadership, images come to mind of goodly dynamic somebodyalities, who command victorious armies, shape the landed estates events, preach religions or direct corporate empires. How did a leader build such great armies, countries, religion and companies? How did Gandhi become such influential leader? Gandhi was a private man without wealth, without property official title. He was neither commander of army nor the ruler of vast land, even though he became the spokesman for coarse and all public. Gandhi, man who made humanity and truth, to a greater extent powerful than empires (Albert Einstein).There is no universal definition for leadership because leadership is complex and is studied in different ways that requires different definitions.In the very beginning of video it has reflected that how stake can influence a person to become a great leader. Movie shows how a person learns and sharps his ability as a leader with the time. It also shows the leaders ability to find best solution to the problem. Gandhis tools were non vehemence and peaceful protest for the legitimate right of equality and independence. Movie reflected Gandhis ability as a charismatic leader to consortiumilize spate from all religion, cast and sex for emancipation struggle. Gandhi visited to rural small towns for his pursuit and indentified the problems and tried to solve it. He started spin around and wearing indigenous cloths. His innovative ways of protest and fight for independence like non cooperation, salt march etc against the strongest empire in the world makes him a transformational and motivational leader. His activities were without any consideration for economic benefits or self-gratification (need for power, achievement, and esteem) and his work for different communities e surplusly for untouchables establish him as a spiritual leader. Gandhi had kept fast-flying in two ways protesting against violence and riots which reflects the character of ethical leadership. Till his death he kept thinking about the welf are of mankind.Gandhi reinvented the rule of the game to deal with a situation where all the existing methods had failed. He broke the tradition as he understood that it is non possible to fight for freedom with force. He decided to flip the game in a fundamentally different way unleashing the power of ordinary deal, inspired men and women of the country to fight for a unifying goal. He used non violence and peaceful protest to fight the battle for the country. Resource constraints did non bother him. His agenda was full independence that inspired him. His leadership genius was henchman centric and one that took into account existing conditions before determining the strategy. Gandhi leadership style was dependent on circumstances. By applying and understanding following conjecture we can explain his character and leadership style as sound as the influence of environment on his leadership aspect.The word charisma is derived from the Hellenic word charismata meaning gift of grace (Conger, 1989 Weber, 1947). The neo charismatic emphasis on the characteristic of the leader ignores the nature and severity of the particular threat, the content of the thorough vision and how it deals with that threat, and the magnitude and persistence of particular changes that are accomplished through charisma (Beyer 1999). Beyer attempted to precisely delineate Webers approach into four necessary and straightforward steps for evolution of charismatic leadership is depicted in carry over 1.Gandhi was a charismatic leader as he didnt impose himself on the people to follow him, but he succeeded to lead by his ways of life, like by using indigenous clothes, living simple life, non violence, love for total man kind etc. Without having any tools or apparatuss or governmental power he was the person who had the biggest power in the country and because of his charisma people followed him. One showcase when he told masses not to buy British clothes, people breaker pointped buying and they burnt British clothes. Whenever he started any movement people participated in it like non cooperation or civil disobedience. This characteristic of his proved him as a source of power where people submit their faith to extraordinary.He also succeeded in fashioning a regime in the heart of people by encouraging then that they essential struggle without violence to gain independence of their country. He said clearly for no cause he provide clog violence. He always kept his promise. He even stopoverped Non cooperation movement when mob killed policemen. By spinning for himself he displayed the example of self reliance and self employment to his countrymen. Needless to say, Gandhi has been a charismatic leader for which people followed him without thinking of consequences.Mahatma Gandhi is an magnificent example of transformational leadership because he looked after the aspirations of his followers and instead of riding those needs to power, he remained sensitive to a racyer purpose. During non cooperation movement against British rule, violence had broken out and being a proponent of non violence he was deeply troubled. He always said that for any cause he will not support violence because he believed violence triggers more violence. He started his first fast to stop the non cooperation movement as he believed people were not ready to get independence. As a result of his fast, non cooperation movement was stopped. In early part of moving-picture show he went to a small rural village on request of one of his follower where he chose to wear clothes made of indigenous materials. He inspired Indian people to boycott British clothes as a part of independence movement and this led t o burning of foreign clothes as a public demonstration of Indian solidarity. He initiated salt making campaign as a part of civil disobedience movement. After air and water, salt was considered to be most meaning(a) for millions of poor people in India and the government was having monopoly over it. This movement was an act of defiant of British laws which shows the courage vision of Gandhi. This movement got a vast support from people of India and it acted as a serious blow to British Empire. Gandhi was arrested soon after the salt movement. But his followers kept breaking law and act making salt. People from different religions worked together even in his absence and no violence broke out even when many were beaten by British soldiers. Gandhis followers had courage to do this because they were strong enough to do this on their own and the courage was built in them from the strong beliefs of Gandhi.3.3 Spiritual leadershipThe definition of spirituality includes two essential el ements in a persons life (Fry, 2003, 2005) as shown and described in Table 3.Transcendence of selfManifest in a sense of calling or destiny and the belief that ones activities including work have meaning and value beyond being instrumental for obtaining economic benefits or self-gratificationFellowshipManifest in the need for meaningful relationships and being connected to others in a way that provides feeling of joy and wholenessTable 3 Elements of Spiritual leadBoth elements involve altruistic love and faith. By doing things to help satisfy the two essential needs for transcendence and gild in the work tush, spiritual leaders increase their intrinsic motivation, confidence and organizational commitment.Gandhi was able to bring spiritualities into his leadership style. He promoted love and peace at time when other leaders were calling for an eye for an eye. He did not hate any one. Rather he believed in offering the other cheek if soulfulness hits on first. He strongly believed that this attitude of his will reduce the anger of enemy and increase reckon. He served the society and worked for the upbeat of untouchables. As shown in the movie Gandhi always worked for his followers. While working in entropy Africa as well as in India he worked a lot for the weaker section of society and sanction of women which motivated them and eventually, they participated in the freedom struggle.3.4 Servant LeadershipThe service to follower is the primary responsibility of leaders and is the essence of ethical leadership. Services include nurturing, fend for and empowering followers. Servant leader must listen to followers, learn about their needs aspirations and be willing to share comfort in their pain and frustration. Leader must stand for what is good and right. Social injustice and inequality should always be opposed. horizontal weak and marginal members of society must be treated with respect and appreciation. Leader must empower follower instead of using powe r to dominate them. Trust is establish by being completely honest and open, holding actions consistent with values, and showing trust in followers.Gandhi worked for the authorization of woman as well as for the lower castes. He spent whole of his life fight against injustice social evils. He always maintained trust of his followers by striking to his principal of non violence.Larry Spears (1998), CEO of the Greenleaf Centre, concluded that Robert Greenleafs writings incorporated ten major attributes of servant leadership. The Table 4 lists those ten attributes.ListeningEmpathyHealingAwarenessPersuasionConceptualizationForesightStewardshipBuilding CommunityCommitment to increaseTable 4 Attributes of Servant LeadershipThe below Diagram 2 depicts the structure of Servant Leadership and its interrelationships Diagram 2 Structure of Servant Leadership4 violence and mould tactics of GandhiThe Power and Influence tactics of Gandhi has been described in two separate sub headings as f ollows 4.1 Analysis of PowerThe term power is usually used to describe the absolute capacity of an individual agent to influence the behaviour or attitudes of one or more designated target person at a given point of time (French Raven, 1959).Different kinds of power described by French and Raven are depicted in Table 5 as below Reward PowerThe target person complies in order to obtain reward controlled by the agentCoercive PowerThe target person complies in order to avoid punishment controlled by the agentLegitimate PowerThe target person complies because he/she believes the agent has the right to make the request and the target person has the obligation to complyExpert PowerThe target person complies because he/she believes that the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do somethingReferent PowerThe target person complies because he/she admire or identifies with the agent and want to gain the agents approval.Table 5 Different kinds of PowerGandhi did not have any mili tary or economic power. Gandhi was a small man who despite iterate imprisonment refused to submit to British authority and defeated the most powerful empire of that time with the help support of his followers. Charismatic leader like Gandhi are usually perceived to possess referent power. His principal of non violence, satyagrah, civil disobedience was referred as soft power. He was a man of character and integrity who refused to renounce against injustice. His integrity is reflected by his truthfulness and by set of values that he had. Even British recognised his power when they set him free from prison to stop the violence. He never supported violence for any reasons. He called back non cooperation movement due to violence outbreak. Because of his strong referent power he influenced so many people without any explicit effort.4.2 Analysis of Influence TacticsInfluence is the primary ingredient in effective leadership (Covey, 1990 Malphurs, 1996 Maxwell, 1998 Yukl, 1998). The tru e mensuration of leadership is influence nothing more nothing less (Maxwell, 1998 p11). The type of behaviour used intentionally to influence the attitude and behaviour of another person is usually called as influence tactics. The broad categories of Influence tactics are depicted in Table 6.Impression Management TacticsInfluence people to like the agent or to have a favourable evaluation of the agent. These tactics can be used by leader to influence followers or by followers to leader governmental TacticsInfluence organizational decision or otherwise gain benefits for an individual or group. Political tactics are also used to defend against the opponents and silent crisis. Some political tactics include manipulation abuse of powerProactive Influence TacticsImmediate task objective involves change in procedure used for current task, provide assistance or support proposed changes, task deference by using a simple request based on legitimate powerReactive TacticsIt resists an unwant ed influence attempt to transmute the agents request or proposal to be more unimpeachable to the target person.Table 6 Types of Influence TacticsGandhi was the most influential Indian leader. His not only influenced Indian politics but also the world. He influenced his followers to mobilize and fight for their legitimate rights and against discrimination inequality in India as well in South Africa. His influencing tactics were proactive in nature. He used logical argument and factual evidence to influence and motivate his followers. For example his cerebration about non cooperation and civil disobedience movement were very logical. His inspirational appeal influenced people tremendously. In South Africa he fought against injustice for which British beat him and intent him but could not take his obedience. He also used pressure tactics with his followers when violence broke out he opted to fasting to stop it. The movie reflected the power and influence tactics by Gandhi very wel l.5 Leader Follower relationshipLeader- member exchange (LMX) theory describes the role making processes between a leader and each individual subordinate and the exchange relationship that gains over time (Dansereau, Graen, Haga, 1975 Graen cashman, 1975). The basic premise of the theory is that leaders develop a separate exchange relationship with each subordinate when the two parties reciprocally define the subordinates role. A leader is likely to establish a high exchange relationship or a low exchange relationship with each subordinate. The development of high exchange relationships occurs gradually over a geological period of time through reciprocal reinforcement of behaviour when the exchange cycle is repeated over and over again. The relationship begins with an initial testing phase in which the leader and subordinate evaluate each others motives, attitude and potential resources to be interchange and mutual role expectations are established. If the relationship procee ds to second stage, the exchange arrangement is refined and mutual trust, loyalty and respect gets developed. At third stage wherein exchange was based on self interest is transformed into mutual commitment to the mission and objective of the work unit. According to Graen and Uhi-Bien (1991) the third stage corresponds to transformational leadership.In the movie there are many incidents which show how to develop relationships with the followers. Gandhi biggest follower was his own wife. She always followed him in every walk of his life. She actively participated in all the movements started by Gandhi. She even participated in community development program for the welfare of human kind. She went to jail number of times together with Gandhi and she even died in jail. Meera Ben is another person in the movie who became a big follower of Gandhi. Even though she was a British and daughter of an English admiral, she came to India because she had deep faith respect for Gandhis principals and causes. Nehru was another follower who first evaluated the motive attitude of Gandhi then exchanged his loyalty towards him then worked together on mutual commitment to the mission.6 Evolution Development of Gandhi as a leaderWhile going to South Africa, Gandhi was travelling in first class and he was forcefully thrown out of first class just because he was an Indian even though he had the right tickets. That was the beginning of transformation of an ordinary man into a great leader. Injustice done to him made him aware about discrimination in the British Empire and he started raising his voice against it. He started mobilizing people and made them aware of their rights. He started working for community development especially for untouchables and women empowerment as he knew without unification of society revolution was not possible. He always believed that fighting with an evil is duty. He advocated non violence as a weapon to fight against British Empire. His principal of no n violence served two purposes firstly, he protected his followers from strongest army in the world secondly, this principal made his demands more acceptable to rest of the world.This shows his vision power. When he came back to India, he started wearing Indian made clothes because he wanted to get associated with common Indian man. originally taking any responsibility, he visited different parts of India and came across various problems and their possible solutions. He said without the involvement of common men in the freedom movement, independence is not possible. He kept on working for community development woman empowerment in India contributed magnificently to bring unity among people from different religions. Gradually, he emerged as a leader because of his character, principals and values he believed and was unanimously accepted by the whole nation. He went to Motihari, a rural place on request of follower and started spinning clothes and encouraged to boycott British goo ds as part of freedom movement. He himself started spinning to lead the country with an example. His movement like non cooperation and salt march united the whole country dented British image to rule India. He even kept fast till death to stop communal riots during Indias partition after independence.7 ConclusionMovie Gandhi shows the transformation of a common man into a known leader. It shows how situation can inspire a person to fight against injustice and inequality. Gandhis leadership style proves that to achieve a good end, means should be every bit good. Gandhi had a vision which was accepted by his followers. His charisma led to Indian independence. His contribution towards the weaker section of society is unforgettable and unmatchable. His teaching of non violence is very much relevant even in todays world.For the contribution and sacrifices he made for the Indias independence, upliftment of weaker sections, woman empowerment and unity among different religions, he has b een given the title of Mahatma by his nation and is called as Bapu that is Father of the nation.

Development of memory in infancy

Development of memory in infancyDiscuss, with reference to appropriate experimental studies, the development of memory in infancy.Memory is the work on of encoding, storing and retrieving education. Encoding is the acquiring and the entering of randomness into the system. Storage is the retaining of the memories over time, and retrieval is recovering the stored memories when required to do so. Memory consists of three systems. Firstly there is the arresting memory, which is the perceptual system which stores only the recently acquired images for long enough to integrate it with the next, and then producing an apparent motion. Secondly there is short-term memory that is a short storage for small quantities of information for a brief time. Finally the semipermanent memory system holds relatively permanent information.Studying the development of memory in infancy has many benefits, as it dish ups to show how memory develops over time. This association from research offer be app lied to different settings, for example an educational setting, where the much a teacher understands about the memory development of children the more than they can physical exercise this information to guide childrens learning therefore giving the best feasible learning outcomes. This essay will discuss the strategies used to help with encoding, storing and retrieving information. To help compare the development of infants memory, studies with older children have been embroild.Memory strategies are the ways in which people effectively remember information. These strategies include encoding strategies and retrieval strategies. Encoding strategies are used to help enter the information into the memory this can include dry run, organisation and elaboration. Rehearsal refers to the mental repetition of information. Brainerd and Reynas (2002) fuzzy trace theory suggests there are two memory representations. These are verbatim trace and spirit trace. The verbatim trace refers to re membering information exactly, whereas gist trace is remembering the general meaning of the information. The gist trace representations last, but the verbatim trace representations leads to more forgetting. Flavell, Beach and Chinsky (1966) studied statement in 5 form, 7 year and 10 year olds. Each age group had 20 children, who were all presumption a set of 7 pictures. The children were told to try and remember some of the pictures. After a 15 morsels gap, the children were asked to say aloud the pictures they could recall. During the 15 seconds gap a back talk reader assessed what they believed each children might have been saying to themselves. They ground that two of the 5 year olds, more than half of the 7 year olds, and most of the 10 year olds repeated the pictures to themselves. It was build that rehearsal lead to better recall. Flavell et al. (1966) found that age differences may show the development of strategies used, such as rehearsal. Although some of the childr en may have been using rehearsal strategies, but may non have moved their lips. McGilly and Siegler (1990) carried out an extension on Flavell et al.s (1966) learning, by also asking children to radical how they remembered the pictures. They found a high amount of children (74%) reported using rehearsal strategies. However only 39% were observed, by lip reading techniques, using rehearsal strategies. wherefore suggesting that children of all ages use rehearsal, however it may not be as effectively used in younger children (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2003). This would explain age differences in recall in Flavell et al.s (1966) study. Ornstein, Naus and Liberty (1975) compared the rehearsal strategies of 7 year olds and adults. Participants were given a word to remember every 5 seconds, and asked to say aloud what they were thinking. They found that children repeated the word until the next word was given, then they would repeat the next word. Whereas adults repeated the word until the y were given the second word, then they would repeat both words. Therefore cover that adults effectively used organization, but 7 year old children did not use this at all. This is important in showing that children use rehearsal strategies, but they lack the knowledge of how to effectively use such strategies.A study by Naus, Ornstein and Aivano (1977) taught 8 year olds a strategy of rehearsing in groups of three. They found that the 8 year olds could recall the same amount as 12 year olds, after being taught the chunking strategy. Therefore younger children can do this, but the organization of rehearsal does not occur naturally at these ages. Organisation, or chunking, is the grouping of information in an effective way to help with encoding. Moely, Olson, Halwes Flavell (1969) showed children a set of pictures that were in a random order in laid out in front of them. The set included pictures of animals and furniture, for example. The children were instructed to learn all the p ictures and if it helped them they were allowed to rearrange the pictures. It was found that the children of 10 old age and older had effectively used organisation strategies, as 10 year olds had categorised pictures according to whether it was an animal, or a second of furniture, etc. As with rehearsal strategies, the younger children were not effectively using the organisation strategy. The children use this strategy, but do not seem to have essential knowledge of how it is best to be used, like the older children had.Elaboration is the strategy when people make associations between given information to help with encoding and the posterior recall of this information. Foley, Wilder, McCall and Van Vorst (1993) gave 6 and 9 year olds verbal images to help them to recall pairs of words. The childrens recall was better if the image was basic, yet memorable. Pressley and Levin (1980) found that children of 7 years could use elaboration if an effective image was given with the pair of words, of which one was English and the other was its Spanish equivalent. This led to children learning the words better. Therefore children can use elaboration as an encoding strategy when given support, but the use of elaboration by themselves had not yet developed encompassingy. As Buckhalt, Mahoney and genus Paris (1976) found when children first begin to use elaborations they use simple, static elaboration, whereas older children use active elaborations. Active elaborations are images that are distinctive and therefore remembered better, allowing for a better recall.Leichtman and Ceci (1995) studied the reliability of childrens testimony. The study was set in a preschool, where a stranger, Sam Stone, came in for a day. Some of the children were then given revelatory interviews every week for four weeks after. All of the children were interviewed on the fifth week, by a new interviewer, who had not seen Sam Stone or any of the anterior interviews. The children were firstly asked for a report of what happened on the day of Sam Stones visit, and then asked points. The leading questions had led a high majority of the 3-4 year olds to make simulated claims, although the 5-6 year olds were less likely to do this. Therefore younger childrens encoding is effected by what is inferred by other people, for example the leading questions in Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study inferred that Sam Stone had done something wrong, this lead to 72% of the 3-4 year olds saying he had done it, and 44% even claiming to have seen him do it. The older children were not affected by the leading questions as much, therefore showing that the encoding for the older children may have been better as they felt secure in what they could recall. Retrieval strategies are the ways in which people recall information from long-term memory. Kreutzer, Leonard and Flavell (1975) studied how 5 and 10 year olds would retrieve information from long-term memory. They used a story and asked the c hildren how they could remember the answer. Kreutzer et al. (1975) found all 10 year olds could think of one way at least, whereas only half the 5 year olds could do this. Therefore the 5 year olds had not all developed effective retrieval strategies. Kobasigawa (1974) used 24 pictures, from 8 categories, for children of 6, 8 and 11 years of age to learn. Along with the pictures the children were shown 8 clew cards, one for each category. Later on the children were shown the cue cards and asked to recall the earlier pictures. A 3rd of the 6 year olds used the cue cards, whereas most of the older groups did this. The 11 year olds only effectively used the cue cards, by using them to help name all the pictures they could remember from that category. The 6 and 8 year olds who used the cue cards, only named one picture from each category. Therefore suggesting that the 6 year olds had not developed the knowledge of how to use cue cards. The 8 year olds knew to use the cue cards, but th ey didnt know exactly how to use them. Therefore full knowledge of the usefulness of cue cards must develop later on, as the 11 year olds could use them effectively. Retrieval cues, such as cue cards, are strong aids to recall, according to Nelson (1990) people have no early memories because verbal cues are used as retrieval cues. Simcock and Hayne (2002) assessed the language skills of infants of 27, 33 and 39 months, and then tested the infants verbally and non-verbally. The infants were then tested on their recall at 6 or 12 months later. Simcock and Hayne (2002) found retention on both verbal and non-verbal recall, however non-verbal memory recall was better than verbal. They also found that verbal recall reflected the verbal abilities at the time of encoding, therefore showing that encoding is important in the recall of information.Overall many of the basic processes are seen at birth, and are crucial from the early days. Memory strategies develop from the second year, but only become predominant between 5 to 7 years old, these strategies include rehearsal, organisation and elaboration. With age comes the development of quality, frequency, flexibility and the effective use of these strategies. Changes in the efficiency with age of encoding can be seen, as at the age of 2-5 years children can hold from 2 to 4 pieces of information in short-term memory, and at 7 years this is increased to 5 pieces of information. This is through the effective use of rehearsal, as this helps the child to become better at registering information as well as organising it and therefore helping to make storage and retrieval easier.Meta-cognitive skills refer to knowing that you know. Implicit knowledge of meta-cognition skills can be seen later on in infancy, whereas explicit knowledge develops from the age of 5 to 15. In general children under-report, therefore specific questioning leads to greater reporting and prevents the information from decay. To increase retrieval of info rmation in infants it is important to encourage them to think deeply about what they are being asked to remember (Butler, Gross Hayne, 1995). The phrasing of the question can clearly lead children into the answer they think the interviewer wants, as Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study has shown.An important area to study in memory is forgetting, as a rope can be learnt about memory from what is not remembered as well as what is. For example, Hartshorn et al. (1998) found that infants aged between 2 and 18 months exhibited retention after the shortest test delays. They also found as the interval increased the younger infants were the first to forget, this is determined by experience. This study shows that forgetting is affected by experience therefore what is remembered must also be affected by experience. Research into memory development in infants needs to take into account the biological side, as the hit is still changing and developing itself and plays a huge role in memory.Refer encesButler, S., Gross, J., Hayne, H. (1995). The effect of drawing on memory performance in young children. developmental Psychology, 31, p. 597-608.Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, p. 164-169.Buckhalt, J.A., Mahoney, G. J., Paris, S. G. (1976). Efficiency of self-generated elaborations by EMR and nonretarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81, p. 93-96.Flavell, J. H., Beach, D. R., Chinsky, J. M. (1966). Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. tiddler Development, 37, p. 283-299.Foley, M. A., Wilder, A., McCall, R., Van Vorst, R. (1993). The consequences for recall of childrens ability to generate interactive imagery in the absence seizure of external supports. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, p. 173-200.Hartshorn, K., Rovee-Collier, C., Gerhardstein, P., Bhatt, R. S., Klein, P. J., Aaron, F., Wondoloski, T. L., Wurtzel, N. (1998). D evelopmental changes in the specificity of memory over the first year of life. Developmental Psychobiology, 33, p. 61-78.Kobasigawa, A. (1974). Utilization of retrieval cues by children in recall. Child Development, 45, p. 127-134.Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H. (1975). An interview study of childrens knowledge about memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40, p. 1-58.Leichtman, M., Ceci, S. (1995). The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 568-578.McGilly, K., Siegler, R. S. (1990). The influence of encoding and strategic knowledge on childrens choices among serial recall strategies. Developmental Psychology, 26, p. 931-941.Moely, B. E., Olson, F. A., Halwes, T. G., Flavell, J. H. (1969). Production deficiency in young childrens clustered recall. Developmental Psychology, 1, p. 26-34.Naus, M. J., Ornstein, P. A., Aivano, S. (1977). Developmental changes in memory The effects of treat time and rehearsal instructions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, p. 237-251.Nelson, K. (1990). Remembering, forgetting, and childhood amnesia. In R. Fivush J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Knowing and remembering in young children. P. 301-306. New York Cambridge Univ. Press.Ornstein, P. A., Naus, M. J., Liberty, C. (1975). Rehearsal and organizational processes in childrens memory. Child Development, 46, p. 818-830.Pressley, M., Levin, J. R. (1980). The development of mental imagery retrieval. Child Development, 61, p. 973-982.Simcock, G., Hayne, H. (2002). Breaking the barrier Children do not translate their preverbal memories into language. Psychological Science, 13, p. 225-231.Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Blades, M. (2003). Understanding Childrens Development (4th Edition). Blackwell.

Criticism of Jack Londons To Build a Fire :: London To Build a Fire Essays

Criticism of Jack Londons To Build a FireIn her critique of To Build a Fire Jill Widdecombe assesses the personality and motivation of the unnamed man in the tale. Widdecombe suggests a story of mystery, intrigue, and rationalization. I see it as a story about familiar conflict and submit the mans inner conflict parallels Widdecombes analogy of imagination versus rationalization. The conflict in the story is two-fold the man struggles between his will and reasoning and second with the mans desires and abilities. The story places the man at odds with the elements, it is a conflict each of us may have encountered at one time in our lives. London in his writing attempts to simplify the ageless struggle by fashioning a tale that is understandable regardless of age.The tale is told by a mysterious narrator, focus on a nameless man and a nameless dog. In fact the story could be about anyone attempting virtually anything pitting themselves against the forces of nature and write out of s ound adv water ice. I do not see the man as a egotist however I do see a overleap of cognitive reasoning. The protagonist sets out in weather conditions far more severe then he could have imagined. He travels alone, except for the dog ironically he is told by an old native to never travel alone when the weather is below fifty below. Disregarding the advice and reasoning while it is cold, it is bearable and appropriately dressed, the conditions are not life threatening. Unfortunately the weather and elements are the antagonist he faces.Somewhere past the midpoint of his trek the man breaks through the ice and his legs and feet become wet. Knowing he must dry his socks and boots or he will freeze to death he builds a set down. While attempting to light the fire he begins to realize just how cold it must be yet he attempts to rationalize the situation and stay focused. The man is quickly becoming befuddled and struggles onward to build a fire.After apparently succeeding he is devast ated when snow warmed by the fire falls out of the tree he built it under and extinguishes the flame. Realizing his folly he moves his kindling and realizes his ability to function in the elements is quickly fading.

Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Langston HughesThroughout many of Langston Hughes poetry, there seems to be a very strong theme of racism. Poems such as Ballad of the Landlord, I, Too, and Dinner Guest Me are some good examples of that theme.The Ballad of the Landlord addresses the issue of prejudice in the sense of race as strong as mark. The lines My roof has sprung a leak. / Dont you member I told you about it/ Way last week? (Hughes 2/4) show the reader that the vocaliser, the tenant, is of a much lower class than his landlord. It also shows that the landlord could care less of what condition his building is in as long as the money is still coming in. Well, thats Ten Bucks moren Ill pay you / work on you fix this house up new. (Hughes 11/12) shows that the speaker may be cleverer than originally thought because he is hitting the landlord right where it hurts his wallet. At this point it seems that the speaker may actually win and get his home fixed up, until he threatens the landlord in fifth stanza. Thats when it all turns around. The landlord uses that threat to get the speaker, who we now get under ones skin out, is black, thrown in jail.Richard K. Barksdale wrote in 1940, Ballad of the Landlord was a rather innocuous rendering of an imaginary dialogue between a disgruntled tenant and a tight-fisted landlord. He then goes on to comment about the literature having once again pitted the haves against the have-nots. According to him, the landlord / tenant confrontation was just another i...